Reaction Paper: Was Marx Wrong? -- essays research papers

Karl Marx was an influential character of history, a man of tremendous intelligence as well as a great inspiration to many philosphers and people past and present. Karl Marx was a man of action for the less fortunate class, in that sense his theories are not wrong, to a certain extent they are positve inquisitions. It is those whom have practiced Marx theories that have misinterpreted his works giving Karl Marx a negative demeanor. Specifically Lenin and Stalin are two leaders who have brought shame to the works of Karl Marx and make this philospher seem like a barbarian. " Marx is a humanitarian because he took the side of the working class."-Overstreet Marx is considered a humanitarian because he was in favor of the non exploitation of the lowest class. His main concern was for the individual in society, Karl Marx's studies yield that he wanted the individuals of civilation to live fulfilled lives. In Karl Marx's economic policies he states that " The workers labor power is a commodity." This holds truth, a workers labor is very valuable, like goods that are sold by a merchant. His labor is not to be taken advantage of because he is an individual fending for a living to survive. Marx states in his teachings that because workers are such a commodity to society that a laborer should not be undermined or exploited, such as the slaves...

Autobiography – creative writing

I was riding my bike chasing my mate like any 11year old kid dose when disaster strikes. It all started on a sunny Saturday morning when my friend Paul knocks at my house he said get your bike so I ask my mum if I could take it out, bad decision. So I went out, about four hours later Paul decides he wants to tease me so me being me couldn't ignore him and chased him on my bike. I was just about to catch him when I went over a curb. The bike and me flew up in the air and somersaulted, I landed headfirst on to concrete then the bike fell on top of me, I screamed in pain Paul turned round and looked in shock for a few seconds. After he realised what had happened he ran in to get his mum. We lived close so when his mum came out he ran and got my mum & dad. Paul's mum came and put a pillow under my head by this time I was all most asleep. Every time I went to fall asleep Paul's mum said, â€Å"wake up wake up†. My dad came running down while my mum rang for an ambulance for about ten minutes before the ambulance came they tried to keep me awake. When it finally came I blacked out. I have not got a clue what happened in the ambulance or when I got out of it. When I finally woke up it was about 4:30 p. m. , I still had not been seen by a doctor. When I did see a doctor he said that he would have to glue my head . I thought to myself â€Å"glue† I mean when you crack your head open you would think that you'd have stitches not glue. When he come back he said he would have to cut my hair . I thought to myself â€Å"first I crack my head open then I find out my head has to be glued and now I have to have my hair cut things could not get any worse. † So I had my hair cut & head glued . By this time it was 6:30pm almost 4 hours after I did my flip on my bike and by this time I was absolutely exhausted I had been thought a lot in one day.

The Major Powers Of The Central Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1934 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? There was a time when money did not exist. Long ago, people at a stage called subsistence economy produced only what they needed. Their needs were few but their methods of production were such that they spent most of their living hours in an unceasing battle for personal survival. They had no need for money. Thus, they were engaged in a Barter System. However, the Barter System became very deficient and it was thought wise to introduce money. But who would control the money in the economy, thus the Central Bank came in play. Statement of Problem Money has been seen as a stepping stone for many economies as it contributes to the standard of living and facilitated lots of transactions during the past few decades years. However, it needs to be properly supervised or controlled to make sure there is not too much or too little available within the economy. It is therefore important to investigate the major powers of the Central Bank (whom controls the money supply) so that there is a right amount in the economy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Major Powers Of The Central Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Review of Literature There are a number of alternative theories of how money is created, and generally emphasize endogenous money that money is created by internal workings of an economy, rather than external forces under whose rubric they thus fall. Chartalism, which holds that money is created by government deficit spending, and emphasizes (and advocates) fiat money. Chartalism is a monetary standard in which government-issued tokens are used as the unit of money. In such a system, fiat money is created by government spending. Taxation is employed to reclaim the money and control the total amount of fiat money in existence. Reclaiming most of this issued money via taxation is essential to maintaining its value in exchange. Modern Chartalism theory states that under a fiat money system, net currency is created by government through deficit spending. Because the issued currency is not tied to or backed by a commodity, currency can only be created when the government spends. Government may, or m ay not, ask for that currency back in taxes. The demand to hold and acquire this government issued currency is driven by taxes levied by the state which typically can only be paid in the state-issued fiat currency. (G.F. Knapp, 1920s) On the contrary, in the classical view, the central bank of a government creates money by purchasing government notes or bills through open market operations (this will be discussed later). Circuitist money theory, held by some post-Keynesians, who argues that money is created endogenously by the banking system, rather than exogenously by central bank lending. Further, they argue that money is not neutral. (Graziani 1989) Credit Theory of Money. This approach was founded by Joseph Schumpeter. Credit theory asserts the central role of banks as creators and allocators of money supply, and distinguishes between productive credit creation (allowing non-inflationary economic growth even at full employment, in the presence of technological progress ) and unproductive credit creation (resulting in inflation of either the consumer- or asset-price variety). Money supply remains one of the most controversial aspects of economics. Definition of Key Terms Central Bank The generic name given to a countrys primary monetary authority, such as the Federal Reserve System in the U.S. Usually has responsibility for issuing currency, administering monetary policy, holding member banks deposits, and facilitating the nations banking industry. The Money Supply is liquid assets held by individuals and banks. The money supply includes coins, currency, and demand deposits (checking accounts) or Money supply (monetary aggregates, money stock), a macroeconomic concept, is the quantity of money available within the economy to purchase goods, services, and securities. Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank, or monetary authority manages the money supply to achieve specific goals such constraining inflation, maintaining an exchange rate achieving full employment or economic growth. Monetarism is a set of views concerning the determination of national income and monetary economics. It focuses on the supply an d demand for money as the primary means by which economic activity is regulated. Monetary theory focuses on money supply and on inflation as an effect of the supply of money being larger than the demand for money. Open Market Operations are the buying or selling of Government bonds by the Central Bank in the open market. If the Central Bank were to buy bonds, the effect would be to expand the money supply and hence lower the interest rates; the opposite is true if bonds are sold. Reserve Requirements are a percentage of commercial banks, and other depository institutions, demand deposit liabilities (i.e. checking accounts) that must be kept on deposit at the Central Bank as a requirement of Banking Regulations. Though seldom used, this percentage may be changed by the Central Bank at any time, thereby affecting the money supply and credit conditions. If the reserve requirement percentage is increased, this would reduce the money supply by requiring a larger percentage of the banks, and depository institutions, demand deposits to be held by the Central Bank, thus taking them out of supply. As a result, an increase in reserve requirements would increase interest rates, as less currency is available to borrowers. This type of action is only performed occasional as it affects money supply in a major way. Analysis Money can be defined as anything that is generally accepted as a medium of exchange and settlement of debt. Functions of Money Medium of Exchange: anything that is readily acceptable as payment. Unit of Account: serves as a unit of account to help us compare the relative value of goods. Store of Value: a way to keep some of our wealth in a readily spendable form for future needs. Method of Deferred Payment: Allows people to delay paying for goods or settling debt, even though goods or services are being provide immediately. Definition of Money Supply The following definitions of money supply are based on U.S. definitions. Types of Money They are two types of money:- Commodity Money: something that performs the function of money and has alternative, nonmonetary uses e.g. gold, silver, cigarettes. Fiat Money: something that serves as money but has no other important uses e.g. coins, currency, check deposits. Money in an Economy Money Stock is th e quantity of money circulating in the economy. The different ways of measuring the money stock in an economy are: M1: Currency (coins and paper money) in the hands of the public + all demand deposits in deposit taking financial institutions + travelers checks + other checkable deposits M2: M1 + savings deposits + small time deposits (less than $100,00) + money market deposit accounts + other short term investments. M3: M2 + large time deposits (more than $100,000) M2 + M3 are considered near or quasi money since they cannot be easily used to purchase a good or service. NB: In the US is regarded as the narrowest form of money supply. The defining characteristic of this form of money is that it can be easily used to directly purchased goods and services. In England, the narrowest form of money supply is defined as M0 while the broadest is M4. M0: notes and coins in circulation, plus banks balance at the Bank of England. M2: M0 + residents sterling retail deposits with banks, building societies and National Savings. M4: M2+ both time and sight with banks and building societies. M4c: M4 + all foreign currency deposits held in UK banks and building societies by the UK non- bank private sector. In Guyana, the money supply is divided basically into two categories i.e. narrow and quasi money. Narrow money can be seen as M1 while narrow and quasi money together makeup M2 (broad money). Central Bank A countrys central bank is often seen as the bankers bank and is supposed to be independent of the government. The Central Bank is importan t because of the following functions: issuing currency setting reserve requirements lending money to banks provides for checking collection or clearing between banks fiscal agent to the government supervision of financial institutions controlling the money supply The major powers of the Central Bank that enable it to affect the Money Supply are:- Required reserve rate is lowered: The Central Bank can lower required reserve rate which raises the multiplier effect of high powered money (cash). The cash stays in the banks and each dollar can support more loans/demand deposits. For example, the required reserves went from 20% to 10 %, bank ACM would only need to hold $10,000 in reserves for the initial injection of $100,000. The other $90,000 would be loaned out so at each stage in the multiplier chain, the banks would be loaning out more funds and the eventual increase in the money supply would be larger. Discount interest rate decreases: The Central Bank can lower the discount rate and lower the costs for banks holding low excess reserves which will lower the excess reserve rate. If the Central Bank lowers the discount rate, or sets a lower federal funds target, this can be accomplished if the Central Bank injects funds into the system which will drive down the price of those funds interest rates Publics holding of cash changes: The Central Bank can raise confidence in banking system which will lower publics desire for holding cash. If you look at the high-powered money the Central Bank can inject into the system, a dollar in the hands of an individual is simply a dollar of money supply. A dollar in reserves at the banks, however, can support some multiple expansions of checking accounts. For example, when the required reserve rate was 10%, the $100,000 cash injection the system ultimately resulted in a $500,000 increase in checking account balances. Thus, if the Central Bank can move dollars from peoples pockets to banks, this will increase the money supply. In the Great Depression, one of the real problems was people lost confidence in the banks and took their cash out of the banks, a pattern that caused the money supply to decrease. When people want cash, the reserves in the banks fall which creates a bigger drop in demand deposits. The result is a net decrease in the money supply. For this reason you would expect every Christmas season the money supply would decrease as consumers want to hold more cash. To offset this, the Central Bank will need to get more cash into the system. Open market purchases: this is the Central Banks primary tool of monetary policy. The Central Bank can buy or sell government securities. For example, the Central Bank will contact its broker and announce it wants to buy $100,000 of government securities. The increase of $100,000 cash into the system will result in an increase in the money supply of $500,000. If the Central Bank wants to increase the money supply it will buy government securities, while if it wants to decrease the money supply it will sell government securities. The supply of money can only increase if the money is first printed by the issuer of money, usually the government central bank. The central bank prints coins and bills and electronic money (as mentioned in the functions of the Central Bank). Conclusion The researcher has concluded that the Central bank plays a significant role within the economy in controlling the supply of money. If the Money Supply is not properly attain to recessions and inflations will occur which will hinder the economic activities that the government is engaged. Furthermore, the major powers of the Central Bank, which were mention earlier, are important in regulating the supply of money.

The Invention Of The Printing Press - 1214 Words

You can t stop people from printing what they want to print. -Alan Sugar The Printing Press, a 15th century invention, allowed scholars to print and distribute their work throughout Europe. Church authority denounced the spread of scientific ideas encouraged by the invention of the printing press. They banned scientific works, like Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius, as academics published their research. Roman Catholic Church authority advocated for biblical ideas, which opposed scientific studies like the heliocentric theory and the study of kinetics. Ecclesiastical doctrine contested the heliocentric theory, Galileo’s research, and Newton’s laws of motion, demonstrating the incompatibility between scientific studies and theology. Copernicus challenged the Roman Catholic Church with his Heliocentric Theory. In his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI, he explained his theory: the hypothesis that planets revolved around the sun rather than the Earth (Williams, L.Pearce). His proposition contradicted Bartolomeu Velho’s geocentric theory, a view more compatible with church doctrine, suggesting that all motion centered around Earth (Velho Bartolomeu). The Bible established that â€Å"[God] set the earth on its foundation,† therefore â€Å"[Earth] can never be moved† (Psalm 104:5). By claiming that Earth remains stationary rather than revolving around the sun, the Church sided with Bartolomeu Velho. In contrast, Copernicus questioned the Church, asking why â€Å"we [do] not admit, withShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Printing Press948 Words   |  4 PagesIf we examine, by quantifiable evaluations focusing on printing production and the distribution of associated technology a nd scrutinized by the characterization of the extensive expanse of knowledge and ideas across Europe we will discover the invention of the printing press. A result of progress, among a number of allied industries, papermaking and goldsmithing were principal players. The thin paper-like material made from the pith of the papyrus plant was one of the most common writing papers duringRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1633 Words   |  7 PagesHistorian David Ramsay stated, In establishing American independence†¦ the pen and the press had merit equal to that of the sword (Slaughter 9). When historians analyze the past they often use primary sources such as printed media, journals, letters and various notarized documents. Printed documents are a timeless form of communication with an immeasurable influenced, capable of reaching masses. How has print evolve into this powerful tool of influence and communication in America? To answer theRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1413 Words   |  6 Pages The printing press was essentially invented by Johannes Gutenberg enabling mass productions of books and the spread of rapid knowledge throughout Europe. This invention became a great industry in Britain. The printing press became a popular industry in the mid-19th century as the second industrial revolution commenced a communication revolution. There were several factors that made printing press very popular and substantial such as during wars where there was more of an urgency to strive for newsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press861 Words   |  4 PagesThe printing press invented by German goldsmith Johann Gutenberg in 1448 has been called one of the most important inventions in the history of humankind. When compared to the standard printing methods of the day, the printing press revolutionized how mass quantities of books were printed. The enlightenment in Europe and America were greatly affected by its invention. From its beginnings in 1448 the printer has evolved into today s modern laser jet printers. One printer that most people don t thinkRead MoreThe Invention Of Printing Press1284 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant machines during the modern period: the printing press. The printing press was inspired by earlier uses found in China and Japan as early as the 7th century. In this time the way to print was using the method of block printing, which was a piece of wood used to print a specific piece of text. (â€Å"Patterns for†) With the Gutenberg invention the revolution had begun. It advanced the process of movable type further, and started a new era of printing called typography. The typography allowed informationRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe invention of the printing press was a great influence on Renaissance culture and literature. Its inventor, Johannes Gutenberg said himself â€Å"like a star it shall scatter the darkness of ignorance and cause a light herefore unknown to shine amongst men† (Gutenberg, n.d.). By creating the market for the printed word, he paved the way for literature in the Renaissance. Gutenberg’s printing press single-handedly revolutionized the way stories were shared. 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He was a peasant farmer who had some reading skills. He was a miller who owned his mill, so he managed to make a little extra to spend money on printed books. Based on his reading, he developed an idea thatRead MoreGutenberg Invention Of The Printing Press1366 Words   |  6 Pageswas one invention that really made an impact? Some say electricity or medication some might even say technology. One invention that altered the world was Gutenberg’s invention the printing press. The printing press has made a huge impact back in the 1450s. It allowed many nations to go from writing in scripts to books. Also it was an other way for information to be shared with surrounding countries. The printing press expanded communication,knowledge and also exploration. The printing press help withRead MoreThe Invention Of Printing Press1345 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of typography people were always looking to create it in a faster more effective way. The printing press was then created to do just that, it made it possible to mass produce designs and newspapers with a lot text. But during that time there weren t that many styles of typefaces and since then the typefaces have changed, kind of. The typefaces used when they were press was first made are still used today. Are hand crafted fonts more successful than the sans serif modern typefaces

Chinas Emergence as a Superpower - 1552 Words

The 19th century belonged to the British. The 20th century belonged to the United States. But the 21st century belongs to China, -- Jim Rogers, Hedge fund manager Chinas population is one of the greatest natural resources on the planet. Its citizens are becoming more educated, diligent, aspiring and comprise nearly a quarter of the worlds population. The combination of Chinas massive size and rapid modernization is creating the framework for an emerging superpower. Chinas growing economy is not only gaining international prestige, but its confidence has soared as it continues to be the worlds fastest growing economy for the past three decades. Chinas rise as a manufacturing base is going to have the same kind of†¦show more content†¦Simple reasoning shows the correlation between productivity and economic growth. The Asian value of saving and investing rather than wasting money on western hobbies such as drunkenness as stated by Mark Twain, is very essential for economic growth. The idea of savings has allowed China to stray away from debt, and ultimately can be applied to understanding Chinas trade surplus1 of $202 billion with the United States. This number is more than just a numerical value when applied to the United States trade deficit1 of $725.8 billion. This surplus depicts the savings and investments of the Chinese and how both have allowed for not only rapid growth of capital stock, but also the shift from the traditional agricultural sector to a more modern sector, which ultimately advocates economic growth. As noted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and the Institute for International Economics , Domestic savings have been more than sufficient to finance the high level of capital formation that has characterized the last three decades of economic growth. Furthermore, the United States has a savings1 rate of zero, whereas Chinas savings1 rate is 34%. 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Realizing this the United States of America has attempted to once again turn its focus eastward. However, continuing problems at home and in the Middle East have made doing so difficult. More and more frequently attempts at influencing the ongoing narrative in the Asia- Pacific region have been rebuffed. Even allies have found strength in the emergence of a system that fails to conform toRead MorePolitical Rhetoric Vs. Foreign Policy838 Words   |  4 Pagessay, â€Å"China is quickly emerging as a global superpower.† The fact is China is just that. Realizing this the United States of America has attempted to once again turn its focus eastward. Continuing problems at home and in the Middle Eas t however have made doing so difficult. Additionally more and more frequently attempts at influencing the ongoing narrative in the Asia- Pacific region have been rebuffed. 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During my study in China, I witnessed China’s emergence as a global superpower and its transformation from a development aid recipient to a donor country. This particularly intrigued me more than its language and culture. The transformation was similar to my home country, Korea, but this time I was able to witness it. China’s growing foreign aid started to have a significant impact on the landscape of the global development communityRead MoreWwii And The Cold War875 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. They both had a important role in the development of the world. The Cold War impacted society and politics more so than WWII by aiding countries in hopes of making them join their regime, the use of propaganda techniques to portray the other superpower as weak, the fear of annihilation due to nuclear weapons, and the war between communism and democracy. After WWII, much of Europe was left in ruins and millions of people were left homeless and jobless. 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Their stabilities don’t amass to the distribution of wealth, political and corporal power that the U.S wields. There is no other nation that comes close to being recognized as hegemony. Looking through history, economic powers and impact of nuclearRead MoreIs Superpower A Superpower?1912 Words   |  8 Pagespredict the (re-)emergence of China as a major power since the First Opium War (1839-42) ,which was fought because of the need of chinese products in Europe but not vise versa. For the rest of the century and the first part of the next century China was not a major power in the East Asian region. In the twentieth century it have changed. Nowadays we hear a lot about China as a superpower. But is China really a superpower or is it slowly becoming one? What is a superpower? The term superpower is used veryRead MoreThe Role Of Liberal Values At The International Level1617 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence to diminish the role of liberal values at the international level As China is becoming a global power today, China’s views on liberal values are gaining a greater share in the global marketplace of ideas negatively affects America’s national interests, since its growing power and the example of its development could have considerable ideological influence upon other countries. China’s economic rising power has deflected international criticism of its records of democratization and human rights

Summation of Advocacy and Inquiry free essay sample

Summation of Advocacy and Inquiry Advocacy is defined as how we take a position (state an opinion or make recommendations) or move up the ladder; inquiry allows us to question (revealing how others reached their conclusions or understanding impacts of actions of others) by asking how others see things different or move down on the ladder. (Balancing Advocacy and Inquiry, 2011). The advantage of applying both advocacy and inquiry in team settings is that your group will be able to focus on content being shared without trying to determine a given idea. Advocacy and Inquiry, 2011). However, the drawback of applying advocacy can be seen as dictating resulting in conflicts. Inquiry, if not permitted, can result in failed open communication. There are four possible combinations which are: low advocacy and low inquiry, high advocacy and low inquiry, low advocacy and high inquiry and high advocacy and high inquiry. Each of these combinations can be used in a constructive and non-constructive manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Summation of Advocacy and Inquiry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, some general guidelines for each combination are: Low Advocacy and Low Inquiry (Observing) The speaker does not reveal their point of view nor question the point of view of others. High Advocacy and Low Inquiry (Telling) The speaker advocates for his/her own point of view but fail to inquire about why the other team members may have a different opinion. Low Advocacy and High Inquiry (Asking) The speaker does not state his or her thinking but questions the other team members to explain their points of view. High Advocacy and High Inquiry (Generating) The speaker communicates data and reasoning and questions team members to discover gaps in their reasoning. The power of productive advocacy and inquiry compounds when you use them together; it is never enough in a conversation to advocate only or inquire only. (Advocacy and Inquiry: Combining the Basic Steps of the Dance of Communication, 2011). References Advocacy and Inquiry. Imaginal Training. Retrieved August 13, 2011, from: http://www. imaginal. nl/ArticleAdvocacyandInquiry. htm. Advocacy and Inquiry: Combining the Basic Steps of the Dance of Communication. Retrieved on August 13, 2011 from: http://www. xialent. com/pdf/Advocacy_and _Inquiry_Fred_Kofman. pdf. Balancing Advocacy and Inquiry. ISee Systems, Module 5: Mental Model and Productive Conversation. Retrieved August 13, 2011, from: http://www. iseesystems. com/online_Training/Course/Module5/5-04-3-0balancing. Hargrove, Robert. Masterful Coaching (1995), Jossey-Bass. Retrieved August 13, 2011, from:https://notes. utk. edu/bio/greenberg. nsf/1104f7aa5bbc1382852564820047c877/28cf82196b1ef06585256a83006c3e8e? OpenDocument. Advocacy and Inquiry Summary Unit 4. doc

Drug Store Management free essay sample

In early days of the Web, a server could, dynamically constructs a page by creating a separate process to handle each client request. The process should open connection for one or more databases in order to obtain the necessary information. It communicates with Web Server via an interface known as Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI allowed the separate process to read data from HTTP request and write data to HTTP response. CGI suffered serious performance problems. Creating a separate process for each client request was expensive, in terms of processor and memory resources. It was also expensive to open and close database connection for each client request. In addition the CGI programs are not platform independent. Numerous CGI alternatives and enhancements, such as Fast CGI, mod_ Perl from Microsystems. While these solutions offer better performance and scalability, all of these technologies suffer from a common problem. They generate Web pages by embedding HTML directly in programming language code. Instead of embedding HTML in programming code, JSP lets you to embed specialized code (called scripting code) into HTML pages. JSP allows you to separate the markup language code; such as HTML from programming language code used to process user input, access databases, and perform other application tasks. One way of this separation take place through the use JSP standard and custom action elements in regular Web pages. Another way is to combine JSP with other Java Enterprise Technologies. For example Java servlets can handle input processing, Enterprise Java Beans (EJB) can take of the application logic, and JSP page can provide user interface. This separation means that with JSP, a typical business can divide its efforts among two camps that excels in their own areas of expertise, and comprise a JSP web development team with programmers who create the actions for the logic needed by the application, and page authors who craft the specifics of the interface and use the complex actions without having to do any programming. Another benefits are that a JSP page is always compiled before the server processes it. JSP page is compiled into executable code the first time it is requested, and invoking the resulting code directly in all subsequent requests. When coupled with a persistent Java virtual machine on a JSP-enabled web server this allows the server to handle JSP pages much faster. Java Server Pages is built on the top of the Java Servlets API, JSP has access to all of the powerful Enterprise Java APIs, including: JNDI (Java Naming an Directory Interface). Java is the default scripting language of JSP, but the JSP specification allows for other languages as well, such as JavaScript, Perl, and VBScript. Java acts as the front end, which drives its syntax from C and object-oriented features from C++. The main feature is platform independent. Java is popular among Internet programmers. It expends the universe of objects that can move about freely in cyberspace. Java can be used to create two types of programs, application and applets. An application is a program that runs on the computer, under the operation system of that computer. An applet is a tiny java program, dynamically downloaded across the network. 1. 1. 3 THE BYTE CODE The output of java compiler is not executable code it is byte code. It is a set of instructions to be executed by java run-time system called java virtual machine (JVM) it is an interpreter for byte code. Some of the java Buzzwords Simple Secure Portable Object-oriented Robust Multithreaded Architecture-neutral Interpreted High performance Distributed Dynamic SIMPLE It inherits the C syntax and many of the object oriented features of C++. It is the consolidated form of both. PORTABLE Programs to be dynamically downloaded to all various types of platforms connected to the Internet, some means of generating portable executable code is needed. SECURE With a help of java-compatible web browser, you can safely download java applets without fear. It is possible with the help of java execution environment and not allowing it access to other parts of computer. OBJECT-ORIENTED It organizes a program around its data and a set of well-defined interfaces to that data. Some of its concepts are as follows: Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance. Polymorphism Exception Handling ABSTRACTION It’s the way of hiding the internal details but showing the external behavior. Example is car without the details of how it was made. ENCAPSULATION It is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. In java the basics of encapsulation is class, which is shared by the objects. Objects are sometimes called instances of a class. INHERITANCE Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification for example golden retriever is part of classification dog, which in turn is part of mammal class, which is under the class animal without in each object would need to define its characteristics explicitly. POLYMORPHISM It is a concept that allows one interface to be used for general class of actions. Consider one example as stack. It is of three types one used for integer values one for floating values one for characters. The algorithms used are same in non-object oriented programming you would create three types of routines and with the help of polymorphism the general stack of routines is enough. EXCEPTION HANDLING Java provides very powerful exception handling mechanism. Exception handling minimizes the runtime loss. Java supports 100% Object Oriented exception handling mechanism in fact java itself is 100% OOPS. With the help of this feature various runtime errors are trapped and handled. ROBUST Java frees from having to worry about many of the programming errors. It checks the code at compile time and also at runtime. For example java eliminates the memory management problem by managing memory allocation and reallocation, exceptional condition such as division by zero can be resolved with the help of exception handling. MULTITHREADED Multitasking is a concept introduced in operating systems such as UNIX, Windows etc. , Multitasking is allowed only with 32 Bit Operating Systems. Multitasking supports concurrent execution of multiple tasks. The Operating System take care of the scheduling algorithms and switching logics. Now these powerful concepts in Operating Systems can be adopted in programming languages such as VB, JAVA etc. This technique is called as multithreading. Here program is divided into independent units called threads. Each thread can be executed concurrently. Java provides easy mechanism for multithreading. These are the programs that do many things simultaneously. ARCHITECTURAL-NEUTRAL Architectural Neutrality means Hardware independent. Cent percent Architectural Neutrality is not possible but we can develop tools to archive this with in very short period when compared with other languages. The main goal of it is that write once, run anywhere, any time. Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet, because it handles TCP/IP protocols. It is possible that two different computers to execute procedures remotely. Java revived these interfaces in package called Remote Method Invocation (RMI). Even the java libraries can also be distributed. EVENT HANDLING Event Driven programming model is a powerful one. We cannot predict the flow of execution before any user interaction. Systems Flow is completely controlled by the user’s action called events. Java provides event driven programming model, by its powerful libraries in AWT-Event and Swing – Event packages. Applets are event-driven programs. There are several types of events. The most common events are those generated by the mouse, the keyboard, and various control events are supported by java. awt. event package. 1. 1. 4 JDBC OVERVIEW: JDBC is a Java TM API for executing SQL statements. It consists of a set of classes and interfaces and interfaces written in the Java programming language that makes it easy to send SQL statements to virtually any relational database. JDBC extends what you can do in Java. With Java and the JDBC API, it is possible to publish a web page containing an applet that uses information obtained from a remote database. JDBC makes it possible to do three things: Establishes the connection to databases. Send SQL statements. Process the results. JDBC is a Low-level API and a base for Higher-level API. JDBC is a â€Å"low-level† interface, which means that it is used to invoke (or â€Å"call†) SQL commands directly. Because the JDBC API will tools and APIs, it also has to address the problem of conformance for anything built on it. 1. 1. 5 JAVA SOFT FRAMEWORK: Java Soft provides three JDBC product components as part of the Java Developer’s Kit (JDK): JDBC driver manager, JDBC driver test suite, JDBC – ODBC Bridge. The JDBC driver manager is the backbone of JDBC architecture. It actually is quite small and simple, its primary function is to connect Java applications to the correct JDBC driver and then get out of the way. The JDBC driver test suite tests that a JDBC driver implement all of the JDBC classes and methods and that it provides the entry-level SQL functionality for JDBC compliance. The JDBC – ODBC Bridge allows ODBC drivers to be used as JDBC drivers. It was implemented as a way to access some of the less popular DBMS’s if JDBC drivers are not implemented. Application The database server or back end is used to manage the database tables optimal among multiple clients to concurrently request the server for the same data. It enforces data integrity across all client applications and controls database access and other security requirements. SQL* Plus is a Structured Query Language supported by Oracle. Through SQL* Plus we can store, retrieve, edit, and run SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. Using SQL* Plus we can perform calculations, list column definitions for any table and can also format Query results in the format Query results in the form of a report. SQL is a non-procedural language because it processes sets of records rather than just one data at a time and provides automatic navigation to the data. Here one can manipulate a set of rows rather than one at a time. SQL commands accept sets rows as input and return sets as outputs. The set property of SQL allows the results of one SQL statement to be used as input to another. Here one need not specify the access method of the data. SQL is utilized as the communication language with the database among the database users like databases administration, system administrations, security. Administrators, and application programmers. SQL provides commands for a variety of tasks including: Querying data. Inserting, updating and deleting rows in and object. Creating, replacing, altering and dropping objects. Controlling access to the databases and its objects. The SQL language is subdivided according to their functions as follows: Data Definition Language (DDL) (Or) Schema Definition Language Data Manipulation Language (DML) Data Control Language (DCL) SQL* Plus is a program or a tool available for working with an ORACLE database. It allows the user to: Create tables in a database Stores information in the tables Changes information in the tables Retrieve information in the form you choose Performing calculations on it and combining it in new ways. Maintain the database itself. 1. 1. 8 COMPONENTS OF WEB APPLICATIONS: The client side web pages themselves increasingly contain programming logic such as JavaScript or Visual Basic Script, as well as embedded software components such as Java applets and ActiveX Controls that can provide advanced functionality to users. These client-side elements of a web application are depicted I figure 1, box number 1.