Problems of Reading and Literacy

Abstract The proceeding is a review of ten current articles on reading and literacy. The research paper contains an introduction, review of the articles and a conclusion which summarizes the articles. The paper contains a detailed definition of reading and literacy and how the two interrelate.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Problems of Reading and Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ten summarized articles focus on how various factors affect literacy and reading across the society. Several corrective measures are proposed in some articles on how to cope up with the challenges of literacy. It is realized that deficiency in literacy is common to all age groups and segments of the community. Introduction The two terms, literacy and reading, have been used interchangeably in some settings. Literacy is described as one’s ability to read and consequently write. In depth, it refers to the abil ity to recognize, comprehend, infer, craft, commune, work out and use written and printed materials connected with changeable contexts. Reading is the art of decoding and cognition of symbols with an aim of constructing or deriving a meaning. It also refers to the technique of language acquisition for communication and for sharing ideas. Reading requires a continuous process for proper development and fine-tuning so as to gain proficiency in the act. Summary of Articles Beverly’s article outlines the use of phone text messaging among British children especially the abbreviations and language used. Texting has no negative effect on the literacy or language development as being speculated. Language development depends on the age at which the child receives mobile phones. Those who posses phones at an early age do many texting, thus developing literacy, as opposed to their fellows who do not have phones. Acquisition of texting knowledge is significant in the development of liter acy profile in a child (Beverly Clare, 2009). The ability to select and use various words and when to use them gives children metalinguistic and linguistic acquaintance. It was evident that text messaging does not have any negative impact on the reading and literacy. Texting instead increase the pace at which the two can be acquired and internalized. In as much as this mode increases of learning, the question remains on how text messaging among the preteens affects their grammar.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second article explores the long-term impacts of opting for early comprehension interventions. Children who do not know how to read in their year one in school will continue to fall behind their peers, thus requiring the need for recovery reading and phonological training are recommended. The survey explored how different models of interventions may be effective i n children with difficulties in reading. The two interventions include recovery reading and explicit phonological training. It is clear that the two interventions had significant improvement in a child’s reading in the medium and short term. Recovery reading had more impact than phonological training though the later had a strong impact in improving the spelling. Children who read not only learn letters and words but also learn how to use them in the text (Jane Kathy, 2007). Those who are able to pas this stage usually gain independence in reading and are able to recognize and correct mistakes on their own. The lessons of reading recovery enable children to become self-mentor. It should be realized that the two methods do not have long-term effects; therefore, other tactics like child enjoyment, home encouragement are critical in ensuring improvement in reading among children. Christine and others examined how social network sites (SNSs) affect the lives of teenagers in high school in terms of reading, literacy and the social life. The current technologies like wikis, blogs, online games; social networking and so on have changed literacy. The technology changes how people communicate information, compose, listen, view, write and read. Networking sites creates relationships, accomplish social education functions and discovers novel communiquà © and imaginative endeavors. In overall, the use of social sites among students exhibit new literacy and reading practices. SNSs provide opportunities for the young people to learn different things online, and from friends thus becoming excellent readers (Christine Beth, 2009). This fourth article entails the experiences students show when writing and reading visual essays, which make use of images as opposed to texts. It explores how non restriction to words may improve one’s ability to gain skills in literacy work. The use of other elements of design such as audio, gestures, texts, and video equally impr ove a person’s ability to become a competent reader.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Problems of Reading and Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article covers the how, what and when of the visual essays, experiences and how to teach them to improve reading and literacy (Janette Sarah, 2010). The pictures, lyrics and words used in visual essay enable the viewer to draw a conclusion of what the producer or the author implies. People will be so wiling to pay attention to video than they do to essays. This means that the use of visual elements in communicating a point will have an enormous impact because people are lazy in reading, and will want to interpret what the visual element is about. The article concluded that students using visual essays are able to develop essay skills fast. The choice of appropriate visual essay for different groups is a challenge. Ruthanne and Tobin investigat ed what teachers can use to cope up with varying needs of the students to learn in Grade 2/3 classrooms. Teachers are aware of the discrepancy in literacy needs of the students, but many do not know how to offer different varieties to benefit all the students (Ruthanne Alison, 2008). Responsive literacy, literacy instructions and various organizational formats are the underpinning factors that bring the variations in literacy delivery. The overall goal of the paper was to help teachers develop a framework for combating instructional differentiations. It is also aimed at providing instructors and teachers with strategies of meeting literacy needs of diverse students. The study made use of a case study design using qualitative research to explore educational phenomenon in a genuine life circumstances. Some of the techniques found and proposed for increasing literacy in a diverse situation include differentiated instructions and appropriate response to the at-risk students during norm al classrooms. Differentiated instructions assist students in understanding and content application in literacy learning, and to choose the best option among different learning experiences. Other strategies include shared writing and reading, guided reading and setting up literacy centers with excellent texts. The sixth peer review article explores how teachers can improve their knowledge and experience. This is anticipated to help children develop enthusiasm and motivation towards reading among the less fortunate in literacy. Teachers should be readers for themselves thus developing and sharing experiences, acknowledging families, community, and considering reading like pleasure (Teresa et al,. 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research revealed that personal engagements enable them to recognize the nature of reading and what is entailed of being a reader, hence acting as reading models for their students. The process permits teachers to widen the dexterity of teaching for pedagogic understanding and subject knowledge mutually sanction professional performance. When teachers gain such a vast experience in reading, they are able to understand the reading and literacy needs of children in class. Teachers should, therefore, be encouraged to do inclusive and objective reading both at primary and secondary level so as to cope up with the changing needs of the students. This article analyses how some controlled situations can improve reading and literacy among children and pupils. The program is called Head Start, a research-based development informed, which an enriched intervention is focusing on socio-emotional abilities, literacy skills and language development. It involves teachers using research-based i nstructional equipment and teaching modes whose aim was to improve child talent attainment. The program contains a detailed curriculum for the teachers equipped with exemplary teaching practices (Bierman, K. et al, 2008). Children in the intervention program had improvement in literacy and reading. Properly structured curriculum and improved teaching techniques can improve performance in children towards achieving literacy. The eighth article is about literacy patterns among the children who are excellent in mathematics but have learning difficulties. Lack of phonological abilities is common in children with reading difficulties. This article eases the information processing speed, auditory, visual and memory analysis. The ability of a person to tackle mathematics appropriately means that the person is creative, skilful and committed in completing the tasks. One of the difficulties children face is dyslexia which is a neurological complication and is constitutional in derivation (An ies, 2010) It presents with difficulties in spelling, written language and reading. Visual dyslexia pupils have visual problems while auditory dyslexia people have hearing problems. Children with difficulties experience difficulties in reading and writing, even though they are excellent in mathematics. Cathy Burnett explores the available understanding on the impacts of technology on literacy in the classroom. It employed the Green’s distinction on critical, cultural and operational scope of primary literacy. Print media is highly supported by its legacy and policies, but new technologies are preferred to supplement it. People should be able to understand what it entails like the usage, values, interactions and processes for successful applications in primary class literacy (Cathy, 2009). This last review focuses on adult literacy in a health care setting and its implications. Health literacy is a crucial factor that affects the communication in the process of cancer prognosi s, diagnosis and treatment among the adults. The study asserts that one out of five adults in America lack the obligatory literacy to communicate effectively in the society. It is observed that inadequate literacy complicate matters in the health facilities, hence leading to inappropriate decisions in cancer centers. Clients possessing poor health literacy present problems both in written and spoken communication. It is also cumbersome to identify people with literacy deficiency because some hide it to their family members and to the physicians (Terry, 2006). The problem manifests mostly when the consent is required from the patient since they cannot understand the meaning of the paper. It is, therefore, recommended that adults with a deficiency in literacy be open to the service providers in all sectors, and literacy improvement centers be set up so that adults can improve their standards of literacy. Conclusion It is with no doubt that problems of reading and literacy are prevalen t in the society. Researches have been conducted to find solutions to some of these crosscutting issues. Literacy reviews majorly touch on pre-teenage and teenagers because this is the age that experiences difficulties in literacy. It is evident that the learning environment and health status of a person affects the literacy level of a person. Overall literacy and reading, which are used interchangeably, are affected by sociocultural factors in the society. References Anies, A. (2010). Perceptual skills and Arabic literacy patterns for mathematically gifted children with specific learning difficulties, British Journal of Special Education  · Volume 37  · Number 1, pp 26-37. 3 Beverly, P. Clare, W. (2009). Exploring Relationships between Traditional and New Media Literacies: British Preteen Texters at School. Journal of Computer-  Mediated Communication 14, pp 1108–1129. Bierman, K. et al., (2008). Promoting Academic and Social-Emotional SchoolReadiness: The Head Start R EDI Program, Child Development, Vol. 79, No.6, pp 1802 – 1817. Cathy, B. (2009). Research into literacy and technology in primary classrooms: an exploration of understandings generated by recent studies, Journal of Research  In Reading, Vol. 32, Issue. 1, pp 22–37. Christine, G. Beth, R. (2009). Old Communication, New Literacies: Social Network Sites as Social Learning Resources. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14, pp 1130–1161. Jane, H. Kathy, S. (2007). Long-term outcomes of early reading intervention. Journal  Of Research in Reading.Vol.30, Issue 3, pp 227–24. Janette, H. Sarah, T. (2010). Engaging students through new Literacies: the good, bad and curriculum of visual essays. Journal for English in Education, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp 5-23. Ruthanne, T. Alison, M. (2008). Accommodating differences: variations in Differentiated literacy instruction in Grade 2/3 classrooms. Literacy, Vol. 42, No. 1. Teresa, C. et al., (2009). Teachers as read ers: building communities of readers,  Literacy, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp 11-18. Terry, C. (2006). Health Literacy and Cancer Communication. Cancer Journal for  Clinicians Vol. 76, Issue 20. pp 134-149. This research paper on Problems of Reading and Literacy was written and submitted by user Kara Stanton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Qualitative Research Assignment Essay Essays

Qualitative Research Assignment Essay Essays Qualitative Research Assignment Essay Paper Qualitative Research Assignment Essay Paper 1. Was there a clear statement of the purposes of the research? Yes. In the article. the purpose of the research was to understand the experience of participants. their cognition about type 2 diabetes. and the factors of medicine attachment in Malaysia. Harmonizing to Susan ( 2010 ) . the five constituents of PICOT are population. issue. context. result. and clip. Harmonizing to Al-Qazaz et Al ( 2011 ) . the PICOT was presented by the research worker in the survey were. Phosphorus: Type 2diabetes patients with receiving of hypoglycaemic medicine. I: Identifying participants’ perceptual experience. and their cognition about type 2 diabetes disease and medicine. Degree centigrade: USM clinic of Malaysia. where the survey took topographic point. Oxygen: It helps people populating with type 2 diabetes to hold a diverse apprehension by associating with other people’s experiences. Thymine: March and April of 2009. Qualitative PICOT is a model to assist in explicating effectual clinical inquiry in a step-by measure mode ( Melnyk and Fineout. 2010 ) . 2. Is a qualitative methodological analysis appropriate? Yes. Qualitative research is to analyze a person’s behaviour and lived experiences related to what is being studied in the research ( Denzin and Lincoln. 2011 ) . The cardinal features of qualitative survey in this article included a little sample size. in-depth interview ( semi-structured ) . research worker affecting during interview. non comparings and non numerical. In qualitative survey. sample size are normally little that achieve in-depth apprehension of the experiences or feeling of the participants ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . Meanwhile. a semi-structured interview was used to roll up informations by gulling participants’ thoughts originating until no more new subjects emerging. Harmonizing to Polit and Beck ( 2012 ) . semi-structured interview can supply rich and elaborate information during phenomenon survey. In this survey. a phenomenological attack was used to depict the purpose of the research. It is to understand the experiences of diabetic patients in Malaysia. and research their cognition about the medicines that they have been taking. Harmonizing to Judith ( 2007 ) . qualitative research is characterized by its purposes to understand the experiences and attitudes of patients. In brief. a qualitative methodological analysis is appropriate to this research. 3. Be the research design appropriate to turn to the purposes of the research? Yes. Harmonizing to NCBI ( 2014 ) . a Phenomenological survey can likely research participant’s lived experience. beliefs about the efficaciousness of the medicine. side-effects of drug and participants’ attachment to the intervention government. By the square. in this article. the purpose is to understand the participants’ experience and research their cognition and medicine attachment related on type 2 diabetes. Therefore. phenomenological attack is appropriate to turn to the purposes of the research. The advantages of Phenomenological survey is to uncover patients’ beliefs and experiences by a flexible manner to research the respondents’ attitude. and leting deep understanding about cognition and feeling of participants ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . However. its restriction is that samples are frequently little set and the research workers are non trying to generalise the findings. 4. Be the enlisting scheme appropriate to the purposes of the research? Yes. The research worker recruited participants from USM clinic and who were diagnosed type 2 diabetes while taking on hypoglycaemic medicines through a convenience sampling. Harmonizing to HRDAG ( 2013 ) . convenience sampling is to enroll participants from a peculiar clinical scene during informations aggregation of a qualitative research. Furthermore. convenience sampling is easy and efficient to pull out the greatest possible information from the new instances in the sample. until there is no new informations could be obtained and the redundancy of informations impregnation was achieved ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . However. convenience sampling may non be a preferable sampling in qualitative research due to unable to convey out the most information-rich beginnings and the representative of the population ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . In this article. the information was merely obtained in one specific clinic. that would impact the credibleness of consequence. such as the inauspicious effects of medicine. and the satisfaction rates from wellness suppliers. It would be better if the research worker usage purpose trying into the survey. Purpose sampling is to take participants based on specific intents. and it is chiefly used in qualitative research ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . it can accomplish representativeness of the population and provide credibleness of the consequence. because the research worker will non merely concentrate on one clinic during enlisting of participants. 5. Were the informations collected in a manner that addressed the research issues? Yes. A semi-structured interview was developed for informations collection of the research. Semi-structured interview is a paper-based interview usher which contain open-ended inquiries and the participant to follows ( RWJF. 2008 ) . Furthermore. Semi-structured interview provide rich. elaborate information in the phenomenon survey ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . In the survey. the research worker has described in-depth interview to research patients’ beliefs and experiences. Besides. a consent signifier was signed by participants before interview. a direct Tell phone contact for set uping a clip of interview. Further more. all the interview has been audiotaped. and the research worker did line by line analysis and coding the information to place the cardinal subjects. The research worker interpreted to the participants who could non understand English during the interviewing by interpreting from a staff nurse to avoid prejudice that might impact the findings. In short. the informations collected were to the full addressed the research issue of this survey. 6. Have the relationship between research worker and participants been adequately considered? Yes. Qualitative research workers need to develop a strong relationships with participants in the survey to set up credibleness ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . In the article. all the participants were informed the intent of this survey. and a consent signifier was signed by each of them. The research worker besides made phone call to set up clip and topographic point that participants would wish to take for each interview. Besides. they are allowed to show their ain positions at the clip of interview. From the analysis above we can see the participants have been to the full respected by the research worker to derive their trust. Therefore. the relationship between research worker and participants has been adequately considered in this survey ( Al-Qazaz et al 2011 ) . However. there was no reference about reflexiveness by the research worker in this article. Harmonizing to RWJF ( 2008 ) . it described that reflexiveness is a procedure usage to exam researcher’s relationship to the respondent that refers to how the researcher’s values. beliefs. familiarities and involvements influence his/her research. It would be better if it is mentioned about how the research worker located herself or himself in the survey. the readers can place how it affect the information obtaining. that will derive the findings of the research to be more believable ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . 7. Have ethical issues been taken into history? Yes. In the survey. a regard for human self-respect was to the full presented based on informing the participants about the intent of survey. administering a consent signifier. and a direct phone contact before interview. The participants have been to the full respected by the research worker to profit every bit good as the individual’s rights. Besides. they are allowed to show their ain positions at the clip of interview. and the participants can take topographic point where they feel more convenience to be interviewed. It gave researcher a opportunity to research the depth-richness informations from participants. and heighten the participants’ liberty and namelessness in the survey. Further more. the survey was besides approved by the local moralss commission. In short. the ethical issues have been taken into the survey every bit good. There was no coercion could be found in the survey. However. the research worker did non advert about the confidentiality and how was data protected. Besides. they did non advert how many times participants understanding were checked before the consent signifier given. Harmonizing to Polit and Beck ( 2012 ) . it is described that it must cover with ethical issues if the surveies affecting human existences. because the human rights must be protected. 8. Be the information analysis sufficiently strict? Yes. In the survey. the research worker has described clearly that a transcript of 12 audiotaped in-depth interviews were dual checked for its truth. And the research worker identified the emerging subjects via line by line informations analysis and coding the relevant content informations into classs until the informations impregnation was met and no more new informations emerging from the interviews. Harmonizing to Polit and Beck ( 2012 ) . informations impregnation is a measuring of sample size that based on informational demands under the survey. It is to accomplish the cogency of informations analysis until no more new information can be obtained. However. the research worker failed to advert about member checking in this survey. It is non clear whether the research worker asked participants to reexamine and notice on the instance summaries or bill of exchanges of the research study. It will consequence the credibleness of the information. Harmonizing to Polit and Beck ( 2012 ) . member look intoing defined as the research worker confirm their informations truth by supplying a feedback to the participants during informations are being collected to guarantee that participants’ significance were understood. and it is for heightening proof of the research. Further more. the research worker mentioned their informations were analyzed by utilizing agencies of a standard content analysis model. Its purpose was achieved by a appropriate phenomenological design in this survey which have been discussed in inquiry two. Furthermore. the asperity and cogency can besides ensue in developing trustiness of qualitative research. and the five standard for rating the trustiness in the research include in credibleness. dependableness. confirmability. transferability. and genuineness ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . In the survey. a phenomenological design was conducted with a semi-structured interview of informations aggregation. and coding method for informations analysis. this can be sufficiently proved its credibleness. dependableness. and confirmability. Therefore. it can be said the information analysis of this survey is sufficient strict. 9. Is at that place a clear statement of findings? Yes. Four major subjects were clear stated in the survey which included ( 1 ) . Participants’knowledge about type 2 diabetes and its medicines ; ( 2 ) . Side-effects of medicines ; ( 3 ) . attachment issues ; ( 4 ) . relationship with household on wellbeing ( Al-Qazaz et al 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Polit and Beck ( 2012 ) . the research workers interpret the information by rereading. categorizing and cryptography. so developing a information analysis to indicate out the subjects into a incorporate whole. In this survey. the research worker used qualitative design to see progressively the transferability of the findings to reflect the true experiences of the participants. It is relevancy and accurately from the information. and give reader thought to the deductions of the survey for future research and pattern. Meanwhile. the research worker are in the best place to show their restrictions what they have been cognizant from the survey. Consequently. it told readers that the rese arch workers have done what they could make to vouch the findings were clearly and accurately every bit good. 10. How valuable is the research? The intent of qualitative research findings was described to research participants’ experiences to develop a specific nursing intercession for bettering a better results of patients. and as a potentially applicable grounds influencing in future pattern ( NCBI. 2011 ) . Overview this survey. a phenomenological attack that explore the purpose of the research. it is to understand the experience of participants. their cognition about type 2 diabetes. and the factors of medicine attachment in Malaysia. Besides. it allows a deep apprehension about cognition and feeling of participants ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . Furthermore. a semi-structured interview was used to supply rich and elaborate information during the survey for its cogency ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . Further. a convenience trying recruited participants and pull out the greatest possible information to accomplish informations impregnation for its cogency. Meanwhile. the ethical issues has been taken into history by the research workers to profit every bit good as the individual’s rights. On the other side. the research worker demonstrated their restrictions what they aware of the survey to heighten the findings more clearly and accurately. Sing quantitative findings. it is non generalizable that can be applied to full populations. nevertheless. it is generalizable in a manner this peculiarly pertinent to nursing pattern in which there is an outlook that scientific determination. and supply cognition about human experiences to readers for future research. Thus it can be seen. the research is rather valuable. Decision Critical assessment is a procedure to judge weather a research is usefulness or its findings are trusty ( Young and Solomon. 2009 ) . The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme ( CASP ) produced a simple critical assessment checklist usher people developing their accomplishments what they need to do sense of scientific grounds ( Burls. 2009 ) . All of above. by following the CASP checklist in quantitative research. it was presented a Randomized Controlled Trial Appraisal Tool. to measure the effectivity of intercession. a big sample size and a blinding to accomplish the dependability of the result and prevent prejudice. a intention-to-treat analysis to compromise the cogency of the survey. Furthermore. generalizability of the survey can be patterns in other states and helpful for farther survey. However. in qualitative research. the CASP is helped to understanding people’s lived experience and research participant’s experience of taking the drugs. beliefs about the efficaciousness of the drug. side-effects and the attachment of intervention government. A phenomenological method has been used in the qualitative survey through a semi-structured interview. convenience sampling and coding to uncover patient’s beliefs and experiences. and leting apprehension of the cognition and get bying schemes in which the quantitative research is unable to cover. More. in this qualitative survey. sample size is tend to be little. and the determination is non generalized ( Polit and Beck. 2012 ) . Both of research workers have considered cogency. findings. and its relevancy. However. in the qualitative article. if the research worker usage a intent trying method and reference about reflexiveness and member checking during informations aggregation. that will heighten cogenc y of the findings to be more accurate. Mention 1. Aveyard H and Sharp P ( 2009 ) A Beginner’s Guide to Evidence Based Practice in Health and Social Care Professions. Glasgow: Open University Press. 2. Al-Qazaz H. Hassali M and Sulaiman S ( 2011 ) Percept and cognition of patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia about their disease and medicine: A qualitative survey. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 7: 180-191. 3. Bandolier ( no day of the month ) Intention-to-treat analysis ( ITT ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medical specialty. ox. Ac. uk/bandolier/booth/glossary/itt. hypertext markup language [ Accessed 5/92014 ] . 4. Chan Z. Fung Y and Chien W ( 2013 ) Bracketing in Phenomenology: Merely Undertaken in the Data Collection and Analysis Process? The Qualitative Report. Volume 18. Article 59. 1-9 [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/QR18/chan59. pdf ( accessed 26/10/2014 ) 5. Denzin N and Lincoln Y ( Eds ) ( 2011 ) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research ( 4thedition ) . Thousand Oaks: Sage 6. Human Rights Data Analysis Group ( 2013 ) Convenience Samples: What they are. and what they should ( and should non ) be used for [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //hrdag. org/convenience-samples-what-they-are/ ( accessed 3/9/2014 ) 7. LONDON SCHOOL of HYGLENE and TROPICAL MEDICINE ( no day of the month ) Qualitative methods utile for agribusiness. nutrition and wellness programmes. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //ble. lshtm. Ac. uk/pluginfile. php/54407/mod_resource/content/107/ANH101/sessions/S1S2/ANH101_S1S2_040_010. hypertext markup language ( accessed 28/10/2014 ) 8. Melnyk B. M and Fineout-Overholt E ( Eds ) ( 2010 ) Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing A ; Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice ( 2nd edition ) . United kingdom: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 9. MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES ( 2007 ) A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //fieldresearch. msf. org/msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative % 20research % 20methodology. pdf ( accessed 28/10/2014 ) 10. Melling A. Ali B. Scott E and Leaper D ( 2001 ) Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of lesion infection after clean surgery: a randomized controlled test. The lancet. 358: 876-880. 11. NCBI ( 2014 ) A phenomenological survey to research the experiences of Ugandan adult females that have undergone transvaginal ultrasound [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pmc/articles/PMC4175835/ ( accessed 1/9/2014 ) 12. NCBI ( 2011 ) Qualitative Research Findings as Evidence: Utility in Nursing Practice. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021785/ [ Accessed 13 Nov. 2014 ] . 13. Polit D and Beck C ( Eds ) ( 2011 ) Nursing RESEARCH Generating and measuring Evidence for Nursing Practice ( 9th edition ) . United kingdom: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 14. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ( 2008 ) Qualitative Research Guidelines Project Semi-structured Interviews [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. qualres. org/HomeSemi-3629. hypertext markup language [ Accessed 11 Nov. 2014 ] . 15. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ( 2008 ) Qualitative Research Guidelines Project what is reflexiveness [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. qualres. org/HomeRefl-3703. hypertext markup language [ Accessed 12 Nov. 2014 ] . 16. Susan B. S. Fineout-Overholt E. Melnyk B. M and Williamson K. M ( 2010 ) Asking the Clinical Question: A Cardinal Measure in Evidence-Based Practice. The American Journal of Nursing. Vol. 110. No. 3. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nursingcenter. com/lnc/pdfjournal? AID=982283 A ; an=00000446-201003000-00028 A ; Journal_ID= A ; Issue_ID= ( accessed 22/10/2014 )

Aung San Suu Kyi, The Voice of Hope, rev. upd. Ed, 2008 Research Paper

Aung San Suu Kyi, The Voice of Hope, rev. upd. Ed, 2008 - Research Paper Example In the book, we learn of Suu Kyi’s wishes to bring lasting peace to the ethnic minorities who have been fighting for independence through the years. The thoughts and actions of the fifty million civilians of Burma is under the control of a government that wishes to extend its powers over the powerless people. In this book, we see the visions of an unshakable Suu Kyi who hopes and fights for a democratic Burma, holding on to the Buddhist concepts of faith and metta (loving kindness) strongly. We also see the strong connection between Buddhism and politics in Burma, which lays the foundation of true democracy. The author has aimed at unraveling the deepest thoughts of Suu Kyi with a series of questions, enabling us to understand the source f her strength, optimism and continued willingness to fight for the rights of her people even at the cost of having to lose all joys and the people she loved. In the course of discovering Suu Kyi’s ideas to bring about the revolution in her land, we see that Suu Kyi is an individual that cannot be stopped or shaken by the powers of weaponry or authority and that her life encompasses love for humanity. The central theme of the book lies in understanding the fight for freedom and Suu Kyi’s commitment to bring about that change with her invincible power of non violence. The chapters in the book, such as ‘Truth is a powerful weapon’ and ‘I never learned to hate my captors’, come from Buddhist beliefs, showing the struggle faced by the civilians of Burma, the brutality that they are subject to and their strong belief i n the theories and teachings of Buddhism. The book clearly shows the strength that lies in the people who believe in non violence, their ability to laugh through the most painful and tortured years of struggle and their tenacity. The replies given by Suu Kyi

Integration and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Multinational running and risks management of Domino Print Plc 01272 Essay

Multinational running and risks management of Domino Print Plc 01272 - Essay Example Domino Printing owns seven distinct business units or subsidiaries which are, Graph-Tech, Citronix, Domino UK, PostJet Systems, Mectec Elektronik, Wiedenbach Apparatebau and Purex International (Marketline, 2014). The commercial printing industry has recorded a valuation of $383.2 billion, which is a 2.1% growth in the year 2011. The market has been forecasted to perform well in the coming five years (Marketline, 2014a). As of the fiscal year 2013, the company has earned revenue of $524.2 million, which is a 7.6% increase over the previous year. The operating profit of 2013 is $27.1 million which is a 66% decrease from 2012 (Morningstar, 2015). This paper is focused on the financial structure and activities of Domino Printing Sciences plc, along with the involved political and exchange rate risk in overseas transaction. The above table indicates that the revenue of Domino Printing has increased steadily over the past five years. This suggests that the company has successfully been able to make increased cash generation in the recent years. The gross profit has also increased over the years in a steady manner. The consistent increase of revenue and gross profit suggests that the company has been performing well over the years. However, according to the graph it can be stated that the company’s net income decreased severely in the year 2013 as it took a deep plunge from  £41 million in 2011 to  £6 million in 2012. It has managed to increase the net income in the next year to  £45 million. Thus it can be stated that Domino Printing Sciences has been successfully restores its loss making and rejuvenated its profitability. Domino Printing was established in 1978 and got listed in the LSE (London Stock Exchange) in 1985. Ever since the inception of the company it has expanded exponentially by making several corporate and financial activities. Domino printing sciences has bought 5,331,451 shares of Montaro,

Disciplinary Actions From the Employee Perspective

Disciplinary Actions From the Employee Perspective Background to the Study Managing a group of people in a workplace is a complex task. Organizational leaders are familiar with the complexities that are innate in handling an organization. An example of a difficult inevitable occurrence in managing an organization is conflict. It represents a struggle between two opposing ideas. With this existence, conflicts between a manager and an employee are most likely a continuous encounter in the workplace. Ensuring a sound relationship between the management and employees depends upon how it is regulated by the manager. One of the conditions for maintaining such relationship is that employees should uphold a particular performance and behavioral standards. (Jegadeesan G, 2008). Should the employees do not comply with these standards, it is assumed that disciplinary measures are enforced to improve their performance and maintain the healthy relationship. However, if the employees do not agree with the manner of implementing disciplinary actions, it can have an adverse effect on the rapport between the manager and the employees. It is believed that the most unpleasant role of an organizational leader is to institute a disciplinary action to an erring employee (Franklin and Pagan, 2006). Although the goal is to modify the employees undesirable behaviors, their decisions are often subjected to opposing personal interpretations. At STI, the organizational relationship is directed by the general policies provided by the STI Educational Services group to its member schools through the school administrators. A disciplinary action is instituted to employees who failed to meet the rules, meriting the imposition of a penalty. The schools disciplinary guideline values the use of a progressive and positive discipline, which aims to correct the behavior of its employees. It is imposed to the offending employee after the disciplinary committee has made their final verdict. In my experiences as a member of the disciplinary committee, I have observed that employees, whether they are recipients or observers of disciplinary actions, have various opinions with regard to our disciplinary practices. These opinions need to be examined and scrutinized in order to identify possible disorders that may complicate the organizational stability. Nature of the Problem It is the purpose of a disciplinary process to preserve a healthy relationship between employees and managers for an organization to perform well. Both parties are expected to abide by the prevailing regulations. Disciplinary policies are in place to serve as a guide to an orderly conduct in the workplace in order to achieve the organizational goal. (Gatchalian and Lumiqued, 2005). The situation in which the employee commits misbehavior may vary in the same way that the manager may also handle an individual situation in different ways that is commensurate to the situation. However, the method in which the manager executes the disciplinary action may produce various opinions from the employees. It can go with or contradict with the managers perception. These opinions should not be taken for granted for it may result to future problems in the organizational relationship. The credibility of the disciplinary process should be maintained in order to preserve the strong rapport between the manager and the employees. In order to verify the credibility of the process, it is necessary to identify the perspective of the employees about the disciplinary process. While several studies have been made about proper control of employee misconducts, little is known about how disciplined employees react about the implementation of the disciplinary systems. (Greer and Labig, 1987). It is on this premise that I am convinced to explore this topic more extensively using a qualitative method to examine how disciplined employees actually think and feel about the discipline experiences. This study will consist of the exploration and description of the employees experience of disciplinary procedures at STI College Koronadal City Inc. After determining their views, problem areas will be identified for use as basis in improving disciplinary practices in the workplace. Statement of the Problem General: How do employees view the disciplinary process at STI College Koronadal City Inc.? Specific: What are the disciplinary practices implemented in the workplace? What are the different opinions of employees about the way the disciplinary actions are implemented? What are the preferences of employees in relation to the process of investigating employee misconduct? Significance of the Study For the school administrators, the information from this study can be used in identifying the loopholes and problem areas in developing a strategic plan for the improvement of employee discipline practices in the workplace. For the supervisors/managers, The information from this study can be used to direct the choice of relevant strategies to be implemented. For researchers, the result of this study will also add to the current facts and provide a general source for further research on the topic. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study will use the exploratory method to describe the views of employees about the disciplinary practices at STI College Koronadal City Inc. The reactions will be measured primarily through interviews and document reviews. It will be limited to rank and file employees. Such constraints will permit the researcher to employ a thorough exploration of the problems abovementioned. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Employee Discipline Despite the motivational training programs and development of positive work settings, it is believed that not all employees perform according to the acceptable behaviors set by the organization (Hughes, and Tomkiewicz, 1992). The occurrence of organizational misbehaviors is dependent on the opinions of employees towards the organization. If they believe that their organization is fair, it is unlikely that employees will commit misbehaviors (De Schrijver, Delbeke, Maesschalck and Pleysier, 2010).Discipline is an action that must be constantly exercised to rehabilitate employees misbehavior due to violation of work policy and standards. Disciplinary guidelines are used for maintaining the work standard that must be imparted to employees through proper communication. Employee disciplinary processes has transformed over time. In the pursuit of improving these practices, it has evolved from the traditional to the modern systems. The traditional autocratic imposition of punishment has transformed into new methods, where the non-compliant employee is given a chance to improve his behavior. Progressive and positive discipline is one of the modern disciplinary systems that use counseling instead of penalty. Its primary goal is to help the employee acknowledge the faults in his or her performance and is given the chance to improve it. (Chimezie, Osigweh, and Hutchison, 2006). Disciplinary Practices One of the most significant functions of a manager is to make disciplinary decisions. Most managers possibly consider that it is biased to discipline employees for outcomes over which they have no control. The probable significant factor in the decision-making process is attributions, which possibly of particular importance to the managers who value fairness. (Judge and Martocchio, 1995). Managers employ varied procedures in making their decisions when addressing disciplinary cases. By employing a policy-capturing approach, Klaas and Wheeler (1990) pointed out three factors that have possible contribution to the cause of disciplinary problem such as managerial provocation, personal problems and tenure. Environmental occurrences such as economic, institutional and hierarchical were also considered. It was found out that the institutional factor has the largest effect on personnel managers decision. On the other hand, personal problems, tenure, and the economic implications of the decision had more limited influence on managerial decisions. Using the same approach, the results of another study made by Klaas and Wheeler (1992), showed that there is a relative importance of the social and institutional standards to the disciplinary decisions made by supervisors. The findings were based on the six factors used as basis in making disciplinary decisions. These factors were i dentified as performance decrement, documented warning, waiver, tenure, past performance, and the manner of the employee. The effects of these factors were scrutinized to gather perceptions as to the extent to which key social and institutional standards influence disciplinary decisions and subsequently develop nascent rights for employees. For Franklin and Pagan (2003), their study on the variation in the practice of employee discipline, showed that issues such as sector, existence of unions, human resource department support have impact on the managers decision in choosing disciplinary approaches on the assumption that the organizations uses consistency in their use of disciplinary actions. The existence of some of the abovementioned issues motivate the managers to conform to formal disciplinary policy. In another study, Franklin and Pagan (2006) posited culture as an influential factor in making disciplinary decisions. They presented two groups of factors that have causal effects on discipline practices: Tangible and intangible factors. The former describes the formal practices the organization wishes to follow and the latter provide indications why informal strategies appear as successful practices for getting things done. A recommended hypothesis using the idea of organizational culture was suggested to confirm the validity of the supposed influence of culture on decisions pertaining to employee discipline. Disciplinary Experiences in the workplace Greer and Labig (1987) stated that limited researches were made about employee reactions to disciplinary actions. Their exploratory study about employee reactions to disciplinary actions revealed that the manner in which the disciplinary action is instituted seems to greatly influence emotional response and affect the manager-employee relationship. The foregoing positive relationship will seem to deteriorate due to the implementation of a disciplinary action. However, when the discipline is instituted in a pleasant way, it is unlikely that adverse employee reactions will occur. In a qualitative study made by Atwater, Leanne E., Waldman, David A., Carey James A., and Cartier, Priscilla. (2001), on recipients and observers of disciplinary process, results showed a positive perception about discipline from the two categorized groups but they may also lose respect for the one who instituted the discipline, following development of negative attitudes towards the organization as a result of the discipline. They have also the tendency to regard the experience as unfair, when it is used for informal rather than to formal rule violations. In the exploratory study using the internal dynamics of disciplinary process made by Rollinson, Handley, Hook and Foot (2007) about The Disciplinary Experience and its Effects on Behavior, it was tentatively concluded that half of those formally disciplined will internalize the rules and the other half have the inclinations of breaking the rules. These behaviors were said to be caused by first; conditioning by punishment paradigm, where punishment stimuli is ineffective in influencing the behavior. The second cause is attributed to the managerial styles that have created impressions of motives of retaliation on the disciplined person. Suggestive Definition Alternative Investigation : refers to other possible choices in conducting inquiry Process about disciplinary problems. Causes of Misbehavior : refers to the reasons why a an organizational misbehavior is committed. Discipline : refers to the state of employee self-control and orderly conduct observed in an organization. Disciplinary action : refers to the act of implementing a corrective measures to an employee who has committed an organizational misbehavior. Disciplinary attitudes : refers to the outlook of an employee towards discipline. Disciplinary experiences : refers to an exposure or observation of a person to a disciplinary action. Disciplinary process : refers to the period between the recording of misbehavior and the decision at a disciplinary committee hearing. Organizational Misbehavior : are actions by organizational members that violates the organizational and social norms. Progressive discipline : a procedure in which harder penalties is implemented for repeated disciplinary misconducts. It usually starts with an oral warning, then written warning, followed by suspension and finally dismissal. Chapter 3 Research Design This study will use a phenomenological research method to present and interpret the data which will prevent and control possible biases. It will explore and describe the employees experiences of disciplinary procedures at STI College Koronadal City Inc. A literature review of on the views of Employee Discipline, and studies about Disciplinary Practices and Disciplinary Experiences in the workplace will be done. From this review, this study will identify the premise of the disciplinary process which will form the bases of the questions for the interview. The opinions of employees about progressive disciplinary approach such as warning, reprimand and suspension will be given emphasis. Moreover, pertinent data sources such as STI disciplinary rules, government legislations and observations made during interviews will also be considered. Locale of the Study The study will be conducted at STI College Koronadal City Inc. because the respondents are employees of this educational organization. It runs under a franchising agreement with the STI Educational Services Group. The organization started its operation as an education center in 1998 and became a full college in 2009. This organization has two branches; the main branch is located at Koronadal City and the other at Tacurong City. Currently, it has 70 employees and more than a thousand students in both TESDA and CHED Programs. Respondents and Sampling The respondents of the study are those employees holding the rank and file positions who are recipients and observers of the disciplinary procedures practiced in the organization. Since these employees are not in managerial positions, they are normally susceptible for exposure to the disciplinary process. The views of employees about progressive disciplinary approach such as warning, reprimand and suspension will be given importance in the study. Data Collection Strategies The primary instrument to be used in this study will be an interview protocol which I will develop. Two employees who have experiences of disciplinary procedure and two employees who are observers of the disciplinary procedure will be invited to an interview. The questions will be open-ended so that it will lessen any guiding of the participants responses. There will be reminders to be prepared for the questions to guarantee that detailed idea of the research questions will be addressed. Important data sources will also be considered for the purpose of the study, such as document reviews and field notes recorded from observations taken during the interviews. All interviews will be recorded using an MP3 recorder. Individual recorded interviews will be extracted from the MP3 recorder and then electronically stored into a computers hard drive. Folders will be created with proper labels which will contain the individual recordings. After each interview, the recordings will be played and then transcribed. Field notes will also be transcribed and stored in the same manner as the recorded audio interviews (Groenewald, 2004). Data Analysis Initially, the data will be recorded using an interview protocol. The audio recordings of the interview will be repeatedly played and then transcribed and reviewed to get the main idea. The interesting information in the interview will be analyzed to determine its underlying meaning. Ideas will be noted and will be transformed into themes which reflect their meaning. This process will be repeated for all interviews. Similar themes will be compiled and grouped together (Groenewald, 2004). References: Atwater, Leanne E., Waldman, David A., Carey James A., and Cartier, Priscilla. Recipient and observer reactions to discipline: are managers experiencing wishful thinking? [Abstract]. Journal of Organizational Behavior volume 22, issue 3, pages 249 270, May 2001 Article first published online: 20 APR 2001 DOI:ÂÂ  10.1002/job.67 retrieved March 7, 2011. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.67/abstract Chimezie A. B. Osigweh Yg. and William R. Hutchison .Positive discipline Human Resource Management Volume 28, Issue 3, autumn (fall) 1989, Pages: 367-383, Article first published online: 2 NOV 2006, DOI:ÂÂ  10.1002/hrm.3930280306. Retrieved March 7, 2011 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.3930280306/abstract Cooke, Hannah. Examining the disciplinary process in nursing: a case study approach. [Abstract]. Work Employment Society December 2006 vol. 20 no. 4 687-707, doi: 10.1177/0950017006069809. Retrieved March 7, 2011 from http://wes.sagepub.com/content/20/4/687.abstrac De Schrijver, Annelies ; Delbeke, Karlien; Maesschalck, Jeroen ; Pleysier, Stefaan .Fairness Perceptions and Organizational Misbehavior: An Empirical Study [Abstract]. The American Review of Public Administration May 3, 2010 Published online before print May 3, 2010, doi: 10.1177/0275074010363742.Retrieved March 24, 2011. http://arp.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/02/14/0275074010363742.abstract?rss=1 Franklin, Aimee L. and Pagan, Javier F. Organization Culture as an Explanation for Employee Discipline Practices: [Abstract].Review of Public Personnel Administration March 2006 vol. 26 no.1 52-73, DOI:10.1177/0734371X05277335.Retrieved March 3, 2011 from http://rop.sagepub.com/content/26/1/52.abstract Franklin, Aimee L. and Pagan, Javier F. Understanding Variation in the Practice of Employee Discipline: The Perspective of the First-Line Supervisor [Abstract].Review of Public Personnel Administration March 2003 vol. 23 no. 1 61-77, doi: 10.1177/0734371X02250113 .Retrieved March 3, 2011 from http://rop.sagepub.com/content/23/1/61.abstract Gatchalian, Ramon M. and Lumiqued, Richard (2005). Employee Discipline and Dismissal: Basis, Laws, Jurisprudence and Best Practices).Quezon City: Central Print on Demand Greer, Charles R. and Labig, Chalmer E. Employee Reactions to Disciplinary Action [Abstract] HumanRelations August 1987 vol. 40 no. 8 507-524, doi:10.1177/001872678704000803. Retrieved March 3, 2011 from http://hum.sagepub.com/content/40/8/507.abstract Groenewald, Thomas. A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1). Article 4. 2004. Retrieved March 25, 2011from http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/3_1/html/groenewald.html Hughes, R. Eugene, Tomkiewicz, Joseph M. Discipline in Response to Unacceptable Performance: Barriers to Access in Academic Organizations [Abstract]. International Journal of Educational Management Volume: 6 Issue: 5 1992. DOI: 10.1108/09513549210015807 Retrieved March 21, 2011. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=838503 Jegadeesan G (2008, April 25). Employee Discipline [Review of the book Employee Discipline-Concepts and Issues]. Flipkart.com Retrieved from http://www.flipkart.com/employee-discipline-concepts-issues-jegadeesan-book-8131419045 Judge, Timoth A. and Martocchio, Joseph J. The role of fairness orientation and supervisor attributions in absence disciplinary decisions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1995, Volume 10, Number 1, Pages 115-137. DOI: 10.1007/BF02249274 .Retrieved March 25, 2011 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/ykn712n0q742847l/ Klaas, Brian S and Wheeler Hoyt N. Managerial Decision making about employee discipline: A Policy Capturing Approach [Abstract]. Personal Psychology volume 43 issue 117-134, March 1990.Article first published online: 7 DEC 2006, DOI:ÂÂ  10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb02009.x. Retrieved March 6, 2011 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb02009.x/abstract Klaas, Brian S. and Wheeler Hoyt N. Supervisors and their response to poor performance: A study of disciplinary decision making [Abstract]. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal Volume 5, Number 4, 339-355, 1992. DOI: 10.1007/BF01388309. Retrieved March 24, 2011. http://www.springerlink.com/content/tk761l0717636750/ Noe, D.P. The Role of Managers in Initiating Disciplinary Actions to Employees: Helium General Management. March 24, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2011 from http://www.helium.com/items/1782898-management-and-disciplinary-action-with-employees Rollinson, Derek, Handley, Janet, Hook, Caroline, Foot Margaret. The Disciplinary Experience and its Effects on Behavior: An Exploratory Study [Abstract]. Work Employment Society June 1997 vol. 11 no. 2 283-311 doi: 10.1177/0950017097112005. Retrieved March 12, 2011. http://wes.sagepub.com/content/11/2/283.abstract

Family Structure Trends in Europe Essay -- Papers Home Family Divorce

The implication for social policy as a result of the changing face of the ‘family’ has been enormous. In order to evaluate them adequately, I shall look at 4 main transitory factors which have had, and are continuing to have, implications for social policy, specifically within Europe. These are: Downward trend in marriages, the rise in single parent/lone parent families, increasing participation of women in the workforce and their consequent economical success, and the incessantly declining rate of fertility. The notion of family thirty years ago was relatively simple. A married couple, two children, an extended family in the form of grandparents and even a pet were seen as constituting the norm. One of the main factors that influenced the fragmentation of this image, in Britain at least, was the introduction of The Divorce Reform Act in 1969 (Glennester, pg 163). The immediate period after the introduction of this law, brought on by considerable pressure from feminists in the 1960s period of liberalism, witnessed a sudden influx in the number of women abandoning their marriages in search of bigger and better things. Married couples were increasingly becoming separate entities, and, over time, this pattern has altered to an extent that marriage is now losing its hold as an important social institution. Lewis (1992 In: Glennester Howard:British Social Policy since 1945 pp 164) made use of the Male Breadwinning Model to depict the belief system upon which social policies were initially formed; women were dependent upon the male, unlikely to participate in the labour work force after marriage and likely to remain in the domest... ...ng policies. The rising irregularities in family life can also be seen as a result of the contradictions within existing policies. Whereas on the one hand the state urges its members to show increasing participation in the labour force, it also encourages the maintenance of the traditional notions of 'family.' This requires females to remain at home and men to dominate in the financial domain, a lifestyle which is unlikely; financial requirements of raising children are now are so high that it needs dual work, which in turn increases individualisation, one primary reason the state is in a frenzy with regards to childcare. What is required is a balance between the two variations; the traditional and the new, but whether social policy can incorporate the new 'fluctuating' family into it's make up remains to be seen.

Drinking Age Should Be At Age 21 Essay

Many American adults assume that drinking age must be age 21, because starting to drink alcohol early would have a lot of negative consequences such as having more car accidents, risks of lungs cancers, and so on. On the other hand, some American teenagers also believe if the law allowed the underage drinking, we would have several car accidents, which happens every day. In the article â€Å"Heavy Drinking on College Campuses: No Reason to Change Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21,† Drew K. Saylor shows what bad if you drink alcohol underage is, and Saylor says, â€Å"There was also evidence of a â€Å"trickle-down† effect on alcohol-related crashes among drivers, with the ratio of the alcohol-related crash rate before and after the policy change 14% larger for 15- to 17-year-old males and 24% larger for females in the same age range† (332). But I do not deny drinking alcohol helps some people to cope with stress, and helps people to become more open in contrast to when they are sober and proper; alcohol can bring people together to share stories as well. At the same time I believe that the drinking age should not lower than 21, because I believe most of car accidents often occur by drunk drivers. I agree with Drew K. Saylor that the law must not change about the drinking age, and those teenagers should stop using alcohol underage rather than arguing and debating about lowering the drinking age. Drinking alcohol immature is the common the importance issue in the United States, and it is often said that drinking alcohol affects the moral behaviors, especially when you are drunk. At the underage, it will be terrible because at that age, these teenagers have more influences from the outside environment such as learning those terrible things from friends. In one hand, I agree with Marisa M. Silveri that those teenagers drink alcohol because they might be influenced by the history of the alcohol dipsomania family, who always use alcohol like use water, because either they want to relax or they have mental disturbance. On the other hand, I still insist that drinking alcohol is not healthy, especially when more damages happen  for those underage people. In addition, you always see most of the alcohol drinkers who are often violent to other people because those drinkers cannot control their behaviors and their actions when they are drunk. Therefore, in the article â€Å"Alcohol-Related Brain Damage In Humans,† Amaia M. Erdozain and other authors believe that using alcohol damages the cells, the tissues, the organs, and other systems in the brains, and they explain, â€Å"H & E staining and light microscopy of prefrontal cortex tissue revealed a reduction in the levels of cytoskeleton surrounding the nuclei of cortical and subcortical neurons, and a disruption of subcortical neuron patterning in alcoholic subjects.† In short, I will briefly note, drinking alcohol will not be great like those American teenagers think, because alcohol will damage their brains’ tissues and will influence to their moral behaviors. To today, people still forget that drinking alcohol would have several benefits and several harms. Some American people believe that drinking alcohol decreases the risk of the cardiovascular disease, prevents us to get sick from the cold, increases our memories, and prevents us from the galls tones and the diabetes. However, people should know how to drink alcohol moderately instead of unlimitedly consuming it. What I am trying to say here is that drinking alcohol not only brings some disadvantages but also brings some advantages, and people may not blame any awful things to alcohol because the evidence shows that drinking booze moderately will help you prevent from several diseases, which you may not know before. Although not all Americans think alike, some of them will probably dispute my claims that some American people cannot moderate their behaviors when they are drunk or not drunk. In fact, all of those evidences I say do not mean that the law should allow the underage to drink alcohol. In the article â€Å"Will Increasing Alcohol Availability By Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking and Related Consequences Among Youths?†, Henry Wechsler and Nelson F. Toben compare and describe to prove that the law has no reasons to change the drinking age to 21 like they says, â€Å"Evidence supporting the minimum legal drinking age of 21 years is strong and growing. A wide range of empirically supported interventions is available to reduce underage drinking.† At first glance, teenagers might say that alcohol is still a natural medicine to help them prevents from several diseases. But on closer inspection, drinking alcohol can destroy the lungs and the livers, can damage the brain which  lead us to not have any control of our behaviors when we are drunk. According to these evidences, I would like to repeat again that teenagers have to moderate when they use alcohol. You would think that the advertisements cannot affect the underage drinking alcohol to American teenagers, but you are completely wrong because those advertisements are very interested in. I believe that teenagers are still young, and they also want to explore about their lives. In the article â€Å"Do Time Restrictions On Alcohol Advertising Reduce Youth Exposure?,† Craig S. Ross, Avalon Bruijn, and David Jernigan show people know how to buy and drink alcohol because of the influencing advertisements from the television and the radio. In the other words, Ross, Bruijn, and David believe that people are too easy to be fooled, so those advertisement can abuse the weakness to convince people to buy their products, alcohol as the authors say, â€Å"This study uses simulation analysis and comprehensive database of television alcohol advertising to demonstrate that time restrictions are likely to reduce advertising exposure to the youngest viewers while increasing exposure for the high-risk teenage population.† Yet, is it necessarily true that American teenagers will not use alcohol if those advertisements did not appear? Is making those advertisements disappear would be possible? Ultimately, what is at stake here is that teenagers must be aware of alcohol advertisements from the radio and the television. However, I’ve always believed that American teenagers can buy every kind of alcohol at every where easily; some of them might go to ask for help from friends and parents. In the article â€Å"Assessing the Predictive Ability of The Transtheoretical Model’s Heavy Episodic Drinking Constructs Among a Population of Underage Students,† Rose Marie Ward and Hugo Josef Schielke says that some teenagers can buy alcohol at any stores because some sellers are not careful enough about asking to show the teenagers’ ID cards. For instance, Paul Willner and Gavin Rowe emphasize, â€Å"However, a comparison of the present data with earlier data on actual alcohol sales . . . photographs were used in the present study, suggests that only around half of underage alcohol sales can be accounted for by misperceptions of age.† I encourage that th e law should be more restricted for buying alcohol underage .Of course, many American teenagers will disagree on the grounds of drinking underage. After all, I recommend that the law must be more restricted in selling alcohol for teenagers. Although I  grant that drinking alcohol is horrible, I still maintain that drinking alcohol below than age 21 has many negatives effects, and it is the only way to lead those teenagers to the social issues such as using drugs, and risky sexual practices. Michael T. McKay, C. Cole Jon, and Harry Sumnall believes that most of American teenagers would like to negotiate about drinking alcohol with their parents, but in fact the percentage of those most teenagers, who negotiate with their parents, is really small. Michael T. McKay, C. Cole Jon, and Harry Sumnall say that those teenagers would have taught by their parents instead of forcing or saying bad things about drinking alcohol even though the benefits of drinking alcohol are still having in today’s world. In the article â€Å"Teenage thinking on teenage drinking: 15- to 16-year olds’ experiences of alcohol in Northern Ireland,† Michael T. McKay, C. Cole Jon, and Harry Sumnall says, â€Å"First, they believed that asking questions or being open about their behavior would result in negative consequences† (328). At the same time, I believe that those teenagers will receive several negative consequences from their parents if those teenagers ask for drinking alcohol underage. My view, however, contrary to what Michael T. McKay, C. Cole Jon, and Harry Sumnall have argued, is that the minimum of alcohol drinking age must be at age 21. These findings have important implications for the broader domain of the next generation’s future because those next generations might learn what they see from the old generation do. But is my proposal evidence enough to prove? Christopher A. Swann, Sheran Michelle, and Phelps Diana apparently observe the students from Harvard College, New York, and they prove that the proportion of underage drinking of having parents is less than not having parents. The evidence show how important the parents will affect to their children in their lifetime. In the article â€Å"Underage alcohol policies across 50 California cities: an assessment of best practices,† Sue Thomas talks about the underage drinking at every state in the United State. Therefore, Thomas did a study about drinking age. In this study, Thomas sees that the improvement of controlling limitation for the underage is better, but it still is not great enough. In the other hand, Thomas and I believe that the law has to be more restricted in the underage drinking. In the article â€Å"Factors associated with reductions in alcohol use between high school and college: an analysis of data from the College Alcohol Study,† Christopher A.  Swann, Sheran Michelle, and Phelps Diana say, â€Å"A number of characteristics were related to reductions in drinking. Students whose fathers did not attend college were more likely to reduce alcohol consumption (odds ratio [OR] =1.28; 95% . . . .† To sum up, what is at stake here is the history of the family and the social outside environment are the most common which caused in increasing the underage drinking. So far we have been talking about the disadvantages and advantages of the underage drinking. But isn’t it the real issue here for the solution of the underage drinking? At the same time I believe families play a big role in preventing the underage drinking, simply because they’re the closest and the most influential factor, I also believe that parents can talk with their children about drinking alcohol regarding their expectations, limits and its dangerous effect. In the article â€Å"Talking with Kids Deters Underage Drinking,† USA Today Magazine states, â€Å"There are also many things that parents can do in their communities to help reduce underage drinking. . . . Parents can also help eliminate alcohol advertising in their neighborhoods, and make sure that adult siblings don’t provide alcohol for their younger brothers and sisters.† In addition, Jessica Malanjum and Robert Di Nicolantonio explain that parents can have a better understanding in c onversations with their children to know more about whom their children spend time with during their free time; the pressure the peers are putting on their children are very important. Hence, what you talk does not have as many impacts as what you do. The families themselves have to be the role model for their children. They have to pledge not to give alcohol to the underage teenagers. As a result, the drinking age should not be lower than age 18 because underage drinking has several negative consequences such as having more car accidents and risks of lungs cancers. Drew K. Saylor says that these teenagers should stop using alcohol underage instead of arguing and debating to lower the drinking age. At first glance, teenagers might say that alcohol is still a natural medicine to help them prevents from several diseases. But on closer inspection that drinking alcohol can destroy the lungs and liver, damage the brain, and has no control the behavior when you are drunk. Moreover, Amaia M. Erdozain and other authors believe that drinking alcohol will damages the brain tissues and influences to the moral behaviors. At the  same time I believe families play a big role in preventing the underage drinking, simply because they’re the closest and the most influential factor, I also believe that parents can talk with their children about drinking alcohol regarding you r expectation, limits and its dangerous effect. Works cited Erdozain, Amaia M., et al. â€Å"Alcohol-Related Brain Damage In Humans.† Plos ONE 9.4 (2014): 1-12. Web. 8 May 2014. Jones, Sandra C., Lance Barrie, and Nina Berry. â€Å"Why (Not) Alcohol Energy Drinks? A Qualitative Study with Australian University Students.† Drug & Alcohol Review 31.3 (2012): 281-287. Web. 8 May 2014. Malanjum, Jessica, and Robert Di Nicolantonio. â€Å"Absence Of Correlation Between The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat’s Exaggerated Preference For Sweet And Alcohol Drinking Solutions.† Clinical & Experimental Hypertension 31.4 (2009): 287-297. Web. 9 May 2014. McKay, Michael T., Jon C. Cole, and Harry Sumnall. â€Å"Teenage Thinking On Teenage Drinking: 15- To 16-Year Olds’ Experiences Of Alcohol In Northern Ireland.† Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy 18.5 (2011): 323-332.Web. 8 May 2014. Ross, Craig S., Avalon Bruijn, and David Jernigan. â€Å"Do Time Restrictions On Alcohol Advertising Reduce Youth Exposure?†. Journal of Public Affairs (14723891) 13.1 (2013): 123-129. Web. 8 May 2014. Saylor, Drew K. â€Å"Heavy Drinking On College Campuses: No Reason to Change Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21.† Journal of American College Health 59.4 (2011): 330-333. Web. 8 May 2014. Siciliano, Valeria, et al. â€Å"Evaluation of Drinking Patterns and Their Impact on Alcohol-Related Aggression: A National Survey of Adolescent Behaviours.† BMC Public Health 13.1 (2013): 13-30. Web. 8 May 2014. Silveri, Marisa M. â€Å"Adolescent Brain Development and Underage Drinking In the United States: Identifying Risks of Alcohol Use in College Populations.† Harvard Review Of Psychiatry (Taylor & Francis Ltd) 20.4 (2012): 189-200. Web. 8 May 2014. Swann, Christopher A., Michelle Sheran, and Diana Phelps. â€Å"Factors Associated With Reductions In Alcohol Use Between High School And College: An Analysis Of Data From The College Alcohol Study.† Substance Abuse & Rehabilitation 5. (2014): 13-23. Web. 8 May 2014. â€Å"Talking with Kids Deters Underage Drinking.† USA Today Magazine 129, no. 2667 (December 2000): 5, EBSCOhost (accessed May 9, 2014). Thomas, Sue, et al. â€Å"Underage Alcohol Policies across 50 California Cities: An Assessment Of Best Practices.† Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention & Policy 7.(2012): 26-39. Web. 8 May 2014. Ward, Rose Marie, and Hugo Josef Schielke. â€Å"Assessing the Predictive Ability Of The Transtheoretical Model’s Heavy Episodic Drinking Constructs Among a Population Of Underage Students.† Substance Use & Misuse 46.9 (2011): 1179-1189. Web. 8 May 2014. Wechsler, Henry, and Toben F. Nelson. â€Å"Will Increasing Alcohol Availability by Lowering The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking and Related Consequences amongWillner, Paul, and Gavin Rowe. â€Å"Alcohol Servers’ Estimates of Young People’s Ages.† Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy 8.4 (2001): 375-383. Web. 8 May 2014.

Worship Essays

Worship Essays Worship Essay Worship Essay Word Study: (AVODAH) † Work/Worship BY WILLIAM D. BJORAKER Avodah is the transliteration of the Hebrew word for worship and work. Have you ever thought about the connection? Is worship work? Is work worship? The root word means to work or to serve. The cluster of words derived from the root give us insight into the nature of both worship and work. An oved is a worker. An evid is a slave. Avdut is slavery. Work involves the idea of serving someone. Avodat Elohim is the service or worship of the true God. Avodah ara is literally strange worship (it is also the title of one of the tractates of the Talmud, which discusses the subject of idolatry and corrupt and false worship). Avodat Elillim is idolatry, the worship of false gods. Indeed, false worship or idolatry is in essence serving the devil and leads to avdut-bondage, slavery to Satan. Worship of the true God in Messiah Jesus through the Holy Spirit and in truth is hard work. It demands expenditure of energy. Worship is not mere campfire singing. It requires focus and concentration of our faculties. Be still, and know that I am God (Psalm Worship requires an inner humbling, a surrender of self-will, a repentance of sin, and trust. It requires cultivating the presence of God. It ascribes to Him the supreme value of who He is and acknowledges His worthiness (worth-ship) in words, deeds, and posture. Worship is hard work. Work (labor, enterprise, exertion) is always serving. For the worshiper of God, the believer in Jesus, it is serving God. And whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus (Colossians 3:17). One of the great recoveries of the Protestant Reformation was an affirmation of the dignity of all honest occupations and manual labor as vocations (literally, callings). Historically, the Jewish father was considered derelict if he didnt teach his son a trade. Most rabbis also plied a trade (for example, Rabbi Moshe, the shoemaker or Rabbi Shaul, the tentmaker). Work is an essential part and expression of our humanness. It is not, as some mistakenly assume, a result of the Fall. Work was part of Adam and Eves activity in Eden before they sinned. They were to work the Garden and take care of it (Genesis 2:15). Work is an expression of the creativity inherent in human nature out: My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I, too, am working Oohn 5:17). Only work that is drudgery is a consequence of the Fall. In Messiah we can experience a substantial redemption from drudgery to meaningful, enjoyable work and achievement. Whatever your Job, it can be an expression of worship if you do it unto the Lord. In modern Hebrew, uv-dah means fact. A fact works in or with reality because it is true to reality. Likewise, in modern Hebrew, u-vad means adapted†something worked over to fit reality. One more point is necessary: Jesus replied: Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind [worship]. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: Love your neighbor as yourself (Matthew 22:37-39). These commands are always in that order. If you get them turned around, it will destroy you. Thats a fact. It wont work; it is not true to reality. If you give yourself first to neighbor-love, you will find out it cannot be sustained. You will burn out. Only neighbor-love growing out of primary love for God has staying power. Neighbor-love works when it flows out of a life of worship. Worship has priority over work, yet true worship is hard work. Work can be a form of worship, and the work of worship has priority over all other work. Always give yourselves fully to the work of the Lord, because you know that your labor in the Lord is not in vain (1 Corinthians 15:58). Lets remember, Night is coming, when no one can work Cohn 9:4). Lets worship God and get to work.

Free Essays on Growing Up

. So for me the many different phases of growing up were the shock of a lifetime. It started off really nice and then eventually ended up smacking me right in the face. Kindergarten will always be a fond memory of mine. I remember back in kindergarten when there used to be a nap time. Oh, how I took it for granted! I would fall asleep quickly and have dreams about playing outside with the other children. Now I am not sure I even know what the word â€Å"sleep† means. My teacher used to play the letter game with me and all of my friends. I remember painting pictures for my mom or getting to hang them up in the classroom. I would always make the biggest mess when it came to painting, smearing it all over the place. I also remember the snacks that the teacher used to give us before I went home at the end of the school day. Now at home, I clean up the messes and give out the snacks. As I grew up, the â€Å"unthinkable† started to happen. When I was little, I should have appreciated pure skin, no wrinkles, and being told to eat all of my vegetables. For example, now I have to use Clearasil, Olay Regenerist, and go to Weight Watchers. Page 2 I used to have so much energy, but now I have to drink coffee to wake myself up. Sometimes, I even drink the whole pot of coffee by myself. I also have the â€Å"privilege† of losing my figure, getting gray hair, and becoming less attractive. Growing up brought me more responsibilities. It used to be that my mom would come into my room... Free Essays on Growing Up Free Essays on Growing Up Growing Up It all begins with the famous phrase, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?†. As a child, I thought the words â€Å"growing up† meant becoming like Mom and Dad. It meant having a job, being able to cook dinner, and knowing how to pay bills. I was too young to understand the concept behind those words. So for me the many different phases of growing up were the shock of a lifetime. It started off really nice and then eventually ended up smacking me right in the face. Kindergarten will always be a fond memory of mine. I remember back in kindergarten when there used to be a nap time. Oh, how I took it for granted! I would fall asleep quickly and have dreams about playing outside with the other children. Now I am not sure I even know what the word â€Å"sleep† means. My teacher used to play the letter game with me and all of my friends. I remember painting pictures for my mom or getting to hang them up in the classroom. I would always make the biggest mess when it came to painting, smearing it all over the place. I also remember the snacks that the teacher used to give us before I went home at the end of the school day. Now at home, I clean up the messes and give out the snacks. As I grew up, the â€Å"unthinkable† started to happen. When I was little, I should have appreciated pure skin, no wrinkles, and being told to eat all of my vegetables. For example, now I have to use Clearasil, Olay Regenerist, and go to Weight Watchers. Page 2 I used to have so much energy, but now I have to drink coffee to wake myself up. Sometimes, I even drink the whole pot of coffee by myself. I also have the â€Å"privilege† of losing my figure, getting gray hair, and becoming less attractive. Growing up brought me more responsibilities. It used to be that my mom would come into my room...

The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific Term Paper

The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific - Term Paper Example (Akusekijima) near Pacific. Iriomotejimi: In the north of Iriomotejimi Island, submarine volcano is present. This volcano is located 25 km north north east (NNE) at the tip of Iriomotejimi island. The estimated depth of the area where this island is located is about 200 to 300 meters. A major eruption took place at this volcanic island in 1924. The after effects of this eruption were terrible. The pumice rafts produced with this eruption had total volume about 1 cu km. This was carried away by water currents along the whole coast of Japan as far as Hokkaido situated in the north. The largest block formed by melted concrete also known as pumice blocks exceeded up to 1x2 meters in size. The volume of eruption proved to be the largest among all the historical eruption. The largest volume made this outbreak volcanic explosion as the largest in Japan’s history. Kikai Caldera Kikai Caldera is a massive volcano up to 12 miles in diameter. This volcano is located in Osumi islands in J apan. This volcano is the remain of ancient volcanic eruptions took place thousands years ago. Akahova eruption is directly connected to Kikai Caldera. This eruption is considered one among the largest volcanic eruptions took place during Holocene ten thousand years ago. The consequences of this volcanic eruption prolonged and about six thousand years ago, pyroclastic flows from that outbreak and the magma reached to the southern coast of Kyushu. This flow extended over an extensive area up to 62 miles away. The ash could be felt at distant areas. This eruption further produced round about 150 cubic kilometers of tephra. The Volcanic Explosivity Index was 7 due to this massive explosion. So, the ongoing conditions made this one of the most destructive and explosive in last 10, 000... The term paper "The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific" talks about the Pacific tectonic plates all along the boundary situated in the West. These plates move under another and sink into the mantle of the Earth. As a result subduction zones establish in broad curves and island chains develop along these zones. These chains are known as island arcs. Islands are formed due to these volcanic activities but at the same time, there might be several other reasons. Flexing plates, sometimes, up to warp the floor of the sea, lifting it out and form islands. Moreover, if subducting plate has plentiful sediments then these sediments may be slipped off to overriding plates. This scrapped sediment portion builds up into a wedge which is called mà ©lange. Sometimes this wedge may put up so much that it converts into a ridge. This ridge further dominates the forearc. For arch is the region present in between the trench axis and island arc. When tectonic forces apply to these forearcs, they get uplift and the ridges are also uplifted and form islands. Examples of such types of islands include Yap, Guam, and Eua. The Kuril Islands formed volcanic arc composed of 45 volcanoes present on 20 islands. The Pacific Plate shifts with great velocity. This speed is about 90 mm per year. The Pacific plate subducts under Okhotsk Plate near Kuril trench. Here it goes deeper in a northwest direction. This area is seismically very active to a depth of about 680 km. the volcanoes present here are heated up with melted magma.

Week 5 Discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 5 Discussion questions - Essay Example Sometimes management is naà ¯ve and they think that the same rules apply to a company in a large scale. With growth come a lot of hidden costs to monitor a larger operation. Enron was the largest energy producer in the world. The company got so big that a lot of lower level managers and accountants could not see that a huge scam was occurring right beneath their feet. I think that companies are more vulnerable to this phenomenon when they are in their early stages of development due to a lack of economic resources to implement proper internal control mechanisms. I think that employee growth is often not managed well as company start growth. For instances when a company has thousands of employees it become harder to implement control mechanisms to maintain a drug free environment because it is too costly to test all the employees. Firms can only implement random testing of a small population of the employees due to cost constraints. Sometimes firm underestimate the importance of experience and they hire too many college recruits at once. Bad management of human resources complicates human resource issues. I believe that one of the biggest changes in the accounting profession is that accountants have become bigger assets of the managerial staff due to their ability to analyze business information. The utilization of accounting information systems provides companies with precise up to date information that can be used to make informed business decisions. Technology has helped managers and accountants a lot. The accounting profession is changing in the United States due to the influence of new regulations that arrived in the 21st century such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. A branch of accounting that will grow a lot in the near future is auditing and forensic accounting. Sometimes when companies begin to growth they don’t pay adequate attention to their inventory numbers. This